C++11
C++11 is the second major version of C++ and the most important update since C++98. A large number of changes were introduced to both standardize existing practices and improve the abstractions available to the C++ programmers.
Before it was finally approved by ISO on 12 August 2011, the name 'C++0x' was used because it was expected to be published before 2010. It took 8 years between C++03 and C++11, so it has become the longest interval between versions so far. Since then, currently, C++ updates every 3 years regularly.
This section is incomplete |
Following features were merged into C++11:
- From TR1: all of TR1 except Special Functions.
- From Boost: The thread library, exception_ptr, error_code and error_condition, iterator improvements (begin, end, next, prev)
- From C: C-style Unicode conversion functions
Core language features
- auto and decltype
- defaulted and deleted functions
- final and override
- trailing return type
- rvalue references
- move constructors and move assignment operators
- scoped enums
- constexpr and literal types
- list initialization
- delegating and inherited constructors
- brace-or-equal initializers
- nullptr
- long long
- char16_t and char32_t
- type aliases
- variadic templates
- generalized (non-trivial) unions
- generalized PODs (trivial types and standard-layout types)
- Unicode string literals
- user-defined literals
- attributes
- lambda expressions
- noexcept specifier and noexcept operator
- alignof and alignas
- multithreaded memory model
- thread-local storage
- GC interface (removed in C++23)
- range-for (based on a Boost library)
- static_assert (based on a Boost library)
This section is incomplete |
Library features
Headers
- <array>
- <atomic>
- <cfenv>
- <chrono>
- <cinttypes>
- <condition_variable>
- <cstdint>
- <cuchar>
- <forward_list>
- <future>
- <initializer_list>
- <mutex>
- <random>
- <ratio>
- <regex>
- <scoped_allocator>
- <system_error>
- <thread>
- <tuple>
- <typeindex>
- <type_traits>
- <unordered_map>
- <unordered_set>
Library features
- concurrency support library
-
emplace()
and other use of rvalue references throughout all parts of the existing library - std::unique_ptr
- std::move_iterator
- std::initializer_list
- stateful and scoped allocators
- std::forward_list
- chrono library
- ratio library
- new algorithms:
- std::all_of, std::any_of, std::none_of,
- std::find_if_not,
- std::copy_if, std::copy_n,
- std::move, std::move_backward,
- std::random_shuffle, std::shuffle,
- std::is_partitioned, std::partition_copy, std::partition_point,
- std::is_sorted, std::is_sorted_until,
- std::is_heap, std::is_heap_until,
- std::minmax, std::minmax_element,
- std::is_permutation,
- std::iota,
- std::uninitialized_copy_n
- Unicode conversion facets
- std::function
- std::exception_ptr
- std::error_code and std::error_condition
- iterator improvements:
This section is incomplete |
Defect reports
Compiler support
C++11 core language features
C++11 feature |
Paper(s) |
GCC |
Clang |
MSVC |
Apple Clang |
EDG eccp |
Intel C++ |
IBM XL C++ |
IBM Open XL C++ for AIX |
IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS |
Sun/Oracle C++ |
Embarcadero C++ Builder |
Cray |
Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)* |
Nvidia nvcc |
HP aCC |
Digital Mars C++ |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C99 preprocessor | N1653 | 4.3 | Yes | 19.0 (2015)* (partial)* 19.26* |
Yes | 4.1 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.9 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | Yes | |
static_assert | N1720 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | 8.52 | |
Right angle brackets | N1757 | 4.3 | Yes | 14.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 11.0 | 12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
Extended friend declarations | N1791 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 16.0* (partial) 18.0* |
Yes | 4.1 | 11.1* 12.0 |
11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
long long | N1811 | Yes | Yes | 14.0* | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | Yes | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | Yes | Yes | |
auto | N1984 | 4.4 | Yes | 16.0* | Yes | 3.9 | 11.0 (v0.9) 12.0 |
11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
Delegating constructors | N1986 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
extern template | N1987 | 3.3 | Yes | 12.0* | Yes | 3.9 | 9.0 | 11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
constexpr | N2235 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.6 | 13.0* 14.0 |
12.1* 13.1 |
17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
char16_t and char32_t
|
N2249 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.4 | 12.1* 14.0 |
13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | 8.52 | |
Compiler support for type traits | N2255 N2518* N2984 N3142 |
4.3* 4.8* 5 |
3.0 | 14.0* (partial)* 19.0 (2015)* |
Yes | 4.0 | 10.0 | 13.1.3 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 6.16 | |||
Template aliases | N2258 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
alignas | N2341 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.6 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
alignof | N2341 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
Defaulted and deleted functions | N2346 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
Strongly-typed enum | N2347 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 17.0* | Yes | 4.0 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
Atomic operations | N2427 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 17.0* | Yes | Yes | 13.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.14 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | ||||
nullptr | N2431 | 4.6 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 13.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | 8.52 | |
Explicit conversion operators | N2437 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.4 | 13.0 | 12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
ref-qualifiers | N2439 | 4.8.1 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Unicode string literals | N2442 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.7 | 11.0* | 10.1* 13.1.1* |
17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.7 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | 8.52 | |
Raw string literals | N2442 | 4.5 | Yes | 18.0* | Yes | 4.7 | 14.0 | 13.1.1, except AIX xlC 13.1.3* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | 8.52 | |
Inline namespaces | N2535 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 11.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Inheriting constructors | N2540 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
Trailing function return types | N2541 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
Unrestricted unions | N2544 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.6 | 14.0* | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Variadic templates | N2242 N2555 |
4.3 (N2242) 4.4 |
2.9 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.3 (N2242) 4.3 |
12.1 | 11.1 (N2242) | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
Expression SFINAE | N2634 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 19.14* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||||
Local and unnamed types as template parameters | N2657 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
Thread-local storage | N2659 | 4.4 (partial) 4.8 |
3.3* | 16.0* (partial) 19.0 (2015)* |
Yes | 4.8 | 11.1 (partial) 15.0* |
10.1 (partial)* 13.1.2 (partial)* |
17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.9 (partial) | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 8.52 (partial) | |||
Dynamic initialization and destruction with concurrency (magic statics) | N2660 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | Yes | 11.1* | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | A.06.25 | |||
Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection | N2670 | |||||||||||||||||
Initializer lists | N2672 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 13.0 (partial) 14.0 |
13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Non-static data member initializers | N2756 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 18.0* | Yes | 4.6 | 14.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Attributes | N2761 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.2 | 12.1 | 13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.27 | ||
Forward (opaque) enum declarations | N2764 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 17.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 11.1 (partial) 14.0 |
12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
User-defined literals | N2765 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.8 | 15.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.14 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
Rvalue references | N2118 N2844 CWG1138 |
4.3 (N2118) 4.5 |
2.9 | 16.0* (N2844) 17.0* |
Yes | 4.5 | 11.1 (N2118) 12.0 (N2844) 14.0 |
12.1 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0* | A.06.25 | ||
Lambda expressions | N2550 N2658 N2927 |
4.5 | 3.1 | 16.0* (N2658) 17.0* |
Yes | 4.1 | 12.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | ||
Range-for loop | N2930 N3271 |
4.6 | 3.0 | 17.0* | Yes | 4.5 | 13.0 | 13.1.2* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
noexcept | N3050 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.28 | ||
Defaulted move special member functions | N3053 | 4.6 | 3.0 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 4.5 | 14.0 | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | |||
override and final | N2928 N3206 N3272 |
4.7 | 2.9 | 14.0* (partial) 17.0* |
Yes | 4.8 | 12.0 (N2928) 14.0 |
13.1.1* | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | |||
decltype | N2343 N3276 |
4.3 (N2343) 4.8.1 |
2.9 | 16.0* | Yes | 4.2 (N2343) 4.8 |
11.0 (N2343) 12.0 |
11.1 (N2343) | 17.1.0 | 1.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | 8.4 | 2015 | 7.0 | A.06.25 | 8.52 (N2343) | |
C++11 feature |
Paper(s) |
GCC |
Clang |
MSVC |
Apple Clang |
EDG eccp |
Intel C++ |
IBM XL C++ |
IBM Open XL C++ for AIX |
IBM Open XL C++ for z/OS |
Sun/Oracle C++ |
Embarcadero C++ Builder |
Cray |
Nvidia HPC C++ (ex PGI)* |
Nvidia nvcc |
HP aCC |
Digital Mars C++ |
C++11 library features
C++11 feature |
Paper(s) |
GCC libstdc++ |
Clang libc++ |
MSVC STL |
Apple Clang* |
IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX* |
Sun/Oracle C++* |
Embarcadero C++ Builder* |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regular expressions library | N1429 | 4.9 | 2.8 | ? | Yes | 17.1.0 | |||
Type traits | N1836* N2240 N2244 N2255 N2342 N2984 N3142 |
4.3* 4.8* 5 |
3.0 | 14.0* (partial)* 19.0 (2015)* |
Yes | 17.1.0 | 5.13 | Yes | |
Member functions cbegin , cend , crbegin , and crend of containers
|
N1913 LWG1192 |
4.3* 4.5 |
Yes* | 16.0* | Yes* | 17.1.0 | |||
Garbage Collection and Reachability-Based Leak Detection (library support) | N2670 | 6 (no-op)* |
3.4 (no-op)* |
19.0 (2015)* (no-op)* |
Yes (no-op)* |
17.1.0 | |||
Money, Time, and hexfloat I/O manipulators | N2071 N2072 |
5 | 3.8 | 19.0 (2015)* | Yes | 17.1.0 | 5.15 | ||
Disallowing COW (copy-on-write) std::basic_string | N2668 | 5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | 17.1.0 | Yes | ||
C++11 feature |
Paper(s) |
GCC libstdc++ |
Clang libc++ |
MSVC STL |
Apple Clang* |
IBM Open XL C/C++ for AIX* |
Sun/Oracle C++* |
Embarcadero C++ Builder* |
* - hover over a cell marked with the star * to see additional pop-up notes.
DRnn - the number nn after "DR" denotes target C++ revision the Defect Report is applied to, e.g., DR20 → C++20.
External links
Working C++11 examples |