Standard library header <utility>

 

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Standard library headers

Language support <cfloat> <climits> <compare> (C++20) <coroutine> (C++20) <csetjmp> <csignal> <cstdarg> <cstddef> <cstdint> (C++11) <cstdlib> <exception> <initializer_list> (C++11)    <limits> <new> <source_location> (C++20) <stdfloat> (C++23) <typeinfo> <version> (C++20) Concepts <concepts> (C++20) Diagnostics <cassert> <cerrno> <debugging> (C++26) <stacktrace> (C++23) <stdexcept> <system_error> (C++11) Memory management <memory> <memory_resource> (C++17) <scoped_allocator> (C++11) Metaprogramming <type_traits> (C++11) <ratio> (C++11)

General utilities <any> (C++17) <bitset> <bit> (C++20) <charconv> (C++17) <expected> (C++23) <format> (C++20) <functional> <optional> (C++17) <tuple> (C++11) <typeindex> (C++11) <utility> <variant> (C++17) Containers <array> (C++11) <deque> <flat_map> (C++23) <flat_set> (C++23) <forward_list> (C++11) <inplace_vector> (C++26)    <list> <map> <mdspan> (C++23) <queue> <set> <span> (C++20) <stack> <unordered_map> (C++11) <unordered_set> (C++11) <vector> Iterators <iterator> Ranges <generator> (C++23) <ranges> (C++20)

Algorithms <algorithm> <numeric> Strings <cctype> <cstring> <cuchar> (C++11) <cwchar> <cwctype> <string_view> (C++17) <string> Text processing <clocale> <codecvt> (C++11/17/26*) <locale> <regex> (C++11) <text_encoding> (C++26)    Numerics <cfenv> (C++11) <cmath> <complex> <linalg> (C++26) <numbers> (C++20) <random> (C++11) <valarray> Time <chrono> (C++11) <ctime> C compatibility <ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*) <ciso646> (until C++20) <cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*) <cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*) <ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)

Input/output <cinttypes> (C++11) <cstdio> <filesystem> (C++17) <fstream> <iomanip> <iosfwd> <iostream> <ios> <istream> <ostream> <print> (C++23) <spanstream> (C++23) <sstream> <streambuf> <strstream> (C++98/26*) <syncstream> (C++20) Concurrency support <atomic> (C++11) <barrier> (C++20) <condition_variable> (C++11) <future> (C++11) <hazard_pointer> (C++26) <latch> (C++20) <mutex> (C++11) <rcu> (C++26) <semaphore> (C++20) <shared_mutex> (C++14) <stdatomic.h> (C++23) <stop_token> (C++20) <thread> (C++11) Execution support <execution> (C++17)

 

This header is part of the general utility library.

Includes
<compare> (C++20)	Three-way comparison operator support
<initializer_list> (C++11)	std::initializer_list class template
Namespaces
rel_ops	Provide automatic comparison operators
Defined in namespace std::rel_ops
operator!=operator>operator<=operator>= (deprecated in C++20)	automatically generates comparison operators based on user-defined operator== and operator< (function template)
Functions
swap	swaps the values of two objects (function template)
exchange (C++14)	replaces the argument with a new value and returns its previous value (function template)
forward (C++11)	forwards a function argument and use the type template argument to preserve its value category (function template)
forward_like (C++23)	forwards a function argument as if casting it to the value category and constness of the expression of specified type template argument (function template)
move (C++11)	converts the argument to an xvalue (function template)
move_if_noexcept (C++11)	converts the argument to an xvalue if the move constructor does not throw (function template)
as_const (C++17)	obtains a reference to const to its argument (function template)
declval (C++11)	obtains a reference to an object of the template type argument for use in an unevaluated context (function template)
to_underlying (C++23)	converts an enumeration to its underlying type (function template)
cmp_equalcmp_not_equalcmp_lesscmp_greatercmp_less_equalcmp_greater_equal (C++20)	compares two integer values, ensuring that signed negative numbers are less than unsigned numbers (function template)
in_range (C++20)	checks if an integer value is in the range of a given integer type (function template)
unreachable (C++23)	marks unreachable point of execution (function)
make_pair	creates a pair object of type, determined by the argument types (function template)
operator==operator!=operator<operator<=operator>operator>=operator<=> (removed in C++20)(removed in C++20)(removed in C++20)(removed in C++20)(removed in C++20)(C++20)	lexicographically compares the values in the pair (function template)
std::swap(std::pair) (C++11)	specializes the std::swap algorithm (function template)
get(std::pair) (C++11)	accesses an element of a pair (function template)
Classes
pair	implements binary tuple, i.e. a pair of values (class template)
tuple_size (C++11)	obtains the number of elements of a tuple-like type (class template)
tuple_element (C++11)	obtains the element types of a tuple-like type (class template)
std::tuple_size<std::pair> (C++11)	obtains the size of a pair (class template specialization)
std::tuple_element<std::pair> (C++11)	obtains the type of the elements of pair (class template specialization)
integer_sequence (C++14)	implements compile-time sequence of integers (class template)
Forward declarations
Defined in header <tuple>
tuple (C++11)	implements fixed size container, which holds elements of possibly different types (class template)
Constants
ignore (C++11)	placeholder to skip an element when unpacking a tuple using tie (constant)
Tags
piecewise_constructpiecewise_construct_t (C++11)	piecewise construction tag (tag)
in_placein_place_typein_place_indexin_place_tin_place_type_tin_place_index_t (C++17)	in-place construction tag (tag)
nontype nontype_t (C++26)	value construction tag (tag)

Synopsis

#include <compare>
#include <initializer_list>
 
namespace std {
  // swap
  template<class T>
    constexpr void swap(T& a, T& b) noexcept(/* see description */);
  template<class T, size_t N>
    constexpr void swap(T (&a)[N], T (&b)[N]) noexcept(is_nothrow_swappable_v<T>);
 
  // exchange
  template<class T, class U = T>
    constexpr T exchange(T& obj, U&& new_val);
 
  // forward/move
  template<class T>
    constexpr T&& forward(remove_reference_t<T>& t) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    constexpr T&& forward(remove_reference_t<T>&& t) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr /* see description */ forward_like(U&& x) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    constexpr remove_reference_t<T>&& move(T&&) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    constexpr conditional_t<
        !is_nothrow_move_constructible_v<T> && is_copy_constructible_v<T>, const T&, T&&>
      move_if_noexcept(T& x) noexcept;
 
  // as_const
  template<class T>
    constexpr add_const_t<T>& as_const(T& t) noexcept;
  template<class T>
    void as_const(const T&&) = delete;
 
  // declval
  template<class T>
    add_rvalue_reference_t<T> declval() noexcept;   // as unevaluated operand
 
  // integer comparison functions
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_not_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;
 
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_less(T t, U u) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_greater(T t, U u) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_less_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;
  template<class T, class U>
    constexpr bool cmp_greater_equal(T t, U u) noexcept;
 
  template<class R, class T>
    constexpr bool in_range(T t) noexcept;
 
  // to_underlying
  template<class T>
    constexpr underlying_type_t<T> to_underlying(T value) noexcept;
 
  // unreachable
  [[noreturn]] void unreachable();
 
  // compile-time integer sequences
  template<class T, T...>
    struct integer_sequence;
  template<size_t... I>
    using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, I...>;
 
  template<class T, T N>
    using make_integer_sequence = integer_sequence<T, /* see description */>;
  template<size_t N>
    using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
 
  template<class... T>
    using index_sequence_for = make_index_sequence<sizeof...(T)>;
 
  // class template pair
  template<class T1, class T2>
    struct pair;
 
  // pair specialized algorithms
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr bool operator==(const pair<T1, T2>&, const pair<T1, T2>&);
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr common_comparison_category_t</*synth-three-way-result*/<T1>,
                                           /*synth-three-way-result*/<T2>>
      operator<=>(const pair<T1, T2>&, const pair<T1, T2>&);
 
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr void swap(pair<T1, T2>& x, pair<T1, T2>& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
 
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr /* see description */ make_pair(T1&&, T2&&);
 
  // tuple-like access to pair
  template<class T> struct tuple_size;
  template<size_t I, class T> struct tuple_element;
 
  template<class T1, class T2> struct tuple_size<pair<T1, T2>>;
  template<size_t I, class T1, class T2> struct tuple_element<I, pair<T1, T2>>;
 
  template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
    constexpr tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2>>& get(pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
  template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
    constexpr tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2>>&& get(pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept;
  template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
    constexpr const tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2>>& get(const pair<T1, T2>&) noexcept;
  template<size_t I, class T1, class T2>
    constexpr const tuple_element_t<I, pair<T1, T2>>&& get(const pair<T1, T2>&&) noexcept;
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr T1& get(pair<T1, T2>& p) noexcept;
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr const T1& get(const pair<T1, T2>& p) noexcept;
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr T1&& get(pair<T1, T2>&& p) noexcept;
  template<class T1, class T2>
    constexpr const T1&& get(const pair<T1, T2>&& p) noexcept;
  template<class T2, class T1>
    constexpr T2& get(pair<T1, T2>& p) noexcept;
  template<class T2, class T1>
    constexpr const T2& get(const pair<T1, T2>& p) noexcept;
  template<class T2, class T1>
    constexpr T2&& get(pair<T1, T2>&& p) noexcept;
  template<class T2, class T1>
    constexpr const T2&& get(const pair<T1, T2>&& p) noexcept;
 
  // pair piecewise construction
  struct piecewise_construct_t {
    explicit piecewise_construct_t() = default;
  };
  inline constexpr piecewise_construct_t piecewise_construct{};
  template<class... Types> class tuple;         // defined in <tuple>
 
  // in-place construction
  struct in_place_t {
    explicit in_place_t() = default;
  };
  inline constexpr in_place_t in_place{};
 
  template<class T>
    struct in_place_type_t {
      explicit in_place_type_t() = default;
    };
  template<class T> inline constexpr in_place_type_t<T> in_place_type{};
 
  template<size_t I>
    struct in_place_index_t {
      explicit in_place_index_t() = default;
    };
  template<size_t I> inline constexpr in_place_index_t<I> in_place_index{};
 
  // nontype argument tag
  template<auto V>
    struct nontype_t {
      explicit nontype_t() = default;
    };
  template<auto V> inline constexpr nontype_t<V> nontype{};
}
 
// deprecated
namespace std::rel_ops {
  template<class T> bool operator!=(const T&, const T&);
  template<class T> bool operator> (const T&, const T&);
  template<class T> bool operator<=(const T&, const T&);
  template<class T> bool operator>=(const T&, const T&);
}

Class template std::integer_sequence

namespace std {
  template<class T, T... I> struct integer_sequence {
    using value_type = T;
    static constexpr size_t size() noexcept { return sizeof...(I); }
  };
}

Class template std::pair

namespace std {
  template<class T1, class T2>
  struct pair {
    using first_type  = T1;
    using second_type = T2;
 
    T1 first;
    T2 second;
 
    pair(const pair&) = default;
    pair(pair&&) = default;
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */) pair();
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */) pair(const T1& x, const T2& y);
    template<class U1 = T1, class U2 = T2>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) pair(U1&& x, U2&& y);
    template<class U1, class U2>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) pair(const pair<U1, U2>& p);
    template<class U1, class U2>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) pair(pair<U1, U2>&& p);
    template<class... Args1, class... Args2>
      constexpr pair(piecewise_construct_t,
                     tuple<Args1...> first_args, tuple<Args2...> second_args);
 
    constexpr pair& operator=(const pair& p);
    template<class U1, class U2>
      constexpr pair& operator=(const pair<U1, U2>& p);
    constexpr pair& operator=(pair&& p) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class U1, class U2>
      constexpr pair& operator=(pair<U1, U2>&& p);
 
    constexpr void swap(pair& p) noexcept(/* see description */);
  };
 
  template<class T1, class T2>
    pair(T1, T2) -> pair<T1, T2>;
}

See also

<tuple> (C++11)

std::tuple class template