Standard library header <expected> (C++23)

 

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Language support <cfloat> <climits> <compare> (C++20) <coroutine> (C++20) <csetjmp> <csignal> <cstdarg> <cstddef> <cstdint> (C++11) <cstdlib> <exception> <initializer_list> (C++11)    <limits> <new> <source_location> (C++20) <stdfloat> (C++23) <typeinfo> <version> (C++20) Concepts <concepts> (C++20) Diagnostics <cassert> <cerrno> <debugging> (C++26) <stacktrace> (C++23) <stdexcept> <system_error> (C++11) Memory management <memory> <memory_resource> (C++17) <scoped_allocator> (C++11) Metaprogramming <type_traits> (C++11) <ratio> (C++11)

General utilities <any> (C++17) <bitset> <bit> (C++20) <charconv> (C++17) <expected> (C++23) <format> (C++20) <functional> <optional> (C++17) <tuple> (C++11) <typeindex> (C++11) <utility> <variant> (C++17) Containers <array> (C++11) <deque> <flat_map> (C++23) <flat_set> (C++23) <forward_list> (C++11) <inplace_vector> (C++26)    <list> <map> <mdspan> (C++23) <queue> <set> <span> (C++20) <stack> <unordered_map> (C++11) <unordered_set> (C++11) <vector> Iterators <iterator> Ranges <generator> (C++23) <ranges> (C++20)

Algorithms <algorithm> <numeric> Strings <cctype> <cstring> <cuchar> (C++11) <cwchar> <cwctype> <string_view> (C++17) <string> Text processing <clocale> <codecvt> (C++11/17/26*) <locale> <regex> (C++11) <text_encoding> (C++26)    Numerics <cfenv> (C++11) <cmath> <complex> <linalg> (C++26) <numbers> (C++20) <random> (C++11) <valarray> Time <chrono> (C++11) <ctime> C compatibility <ccomplex> (C++11/17/20*) <ciso646> (until C++20) <cstdalign> (C++11/17/20*) <cstdbool> (C++11/17/20*) <ctgmath> (C++11/17/20*)

Input/output <cinttypes> (C++11) <cstdio> <filesystem> (C++17) <fstream> <iomanip> <iosfwd> <iostream> <ios> <istream> <ostream> <print> (C++23) <spanstream> (C++23) <sstream> <streambuf> <strstream> (C++98/26*) <syncstream> (C++20) Concurrency support <atomic> (C++11) <barrier> (C++20) <condition_variable> (C++11) <future> (C++11) <hazard_pointer> (C++26) <latch> (C++20) <mutex> (C++11) <rcu> (C++26) <semaphore> (C++20) <shared_mutex> (C++14) <stdatomic.h> (C++23) <stop_token> (C++20) <thread> (C++11) Execution support <execution> (C++17)

 

This header is part of the general utility library.

Classes
expected (C++23)	a wrapper that contains either an expected or error value (class template)
unexpected (C++23)	represented as an unexpected value (class template)
bad_expected_access (C++23)	exception indicating checked access to an expected that contains an unexpected value (class template)
unexpectunexpect_t (C++23)	in-place construction tag for unexpected value in expected (tag)

Synopsis

namespace std {
  // class template unexpected
  template<class E> class unexpected;
 
  // class template bad_expected_access
  template<class E> class bad_expected_access;
 
  // specialization of bad_expected_access for void
  template<> class bad_expected_access<void>;
 
  // in-place construction of unexpected values
  struct unexpect_t {
    explicit unexpect_t() = default;
  };
  inline constexpr unexpect_t unexpect{};
 
  // class template expected
  template<class T, class E> class expected;
 
  // partial specialization of expected for void types
  template<class T, class E> requires is_void_v<T> class expected<T, E>;
}

Class template std::unexpected

namespace std {
  template<class E>
  class unexpected {
  public:
    // constructors
    constexpr unexpected(const unexpected&) = default;
    constexpr unexpected(unexpected&&) = default;
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr explicit unexpected(in_place_t, Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr explicit unexpected(in_place_t, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
    template<class Err = E>
      constexpr explicit unexpected(Err&&);
 
    // assignment
    constexpr unexpected& operator=(const unexpected&) = default;
    constexpr unexpected& operator=(unexpected&&) = default;
 
    // observer
    constexpr const E& error() const& noexcept;
    constexpr E& error() & noexcept;
    constexpr const E&& error() const&& noexcept;
    constexpr E&& error() && noexcept;
 
    // swap
    constexpr void swap(unexpected& other) noexcept(/* see description */);
 
    friend constexpr void swap(unexpected& x, unexpected& y) noexcept(noexcept(x.swap(y)));
 
    // equality operator
    template<class E2>
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const unexpected&, const unexpected<E2>&);
 
  private:
    E unex;    // exposition only
  };
 
  template<class E> 
    unexpected(E) -> unexpected<E>;
}

Class template std::bad_expected_access

namespace std {
  template<class E>
  class bad_expected_access : public bad_expected_access<void> {
  public:
 
    // explicit constructor
    explicit bad_expected_access(E);
 
    // observers
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
    E& error() & noexcept;
    const E& error() const& noexcept;
    E&& error() && noexcept;
    const E&&  error() const&& noexcept;
 
  private:
    E unex;              // exposition only
  };
}

Class template specialization std::bad_expected_access<void>

namespace std {
  template<>
  class bad_expected_access<void> : public exception {
  protected:
    // constructors
    bad_expected_access() noexcept;
    bad_expected_access(const bad_expected_access&);
    bad_expected_access(bad_expected_access&&);
    bad_expected_access& operator=(const bad_expected_access&);
    bad_expected_access& operator=(bad_expected_access&&);
 
    ~bad_expected_access();
 
  public:
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
  };
}

Class template std::expected

namespace std {
  template<class T, class E>
  class expected {
  public:
    using value_type = T;
    using error_type = E;
    using unexpected_type = unexpected<E>;
 
    template<class U>
    using rebind = expected<U, error_type>;
 
    // constructors
    constexpr expected();
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */) 
      expected(const expected&);
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */) 
      expected(expected&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class U, class G>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) expected(const expected<U, G>&);
    template<class U, class G>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) expected(expected<U, G>&&);
 
    template<class U = T>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) expected(U&& v);
 
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected(const unexpected<G>&);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected(unexpected<G>&&);
 
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t, Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
 
    // destructor
    constexpr ~expected();
 
    // assignment
    constexpr expected& operator=(const expected&);
    constexpr expected& operator=(expected&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class U = T> constexpr expected& operator=(U&&);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected& operator=(const unexpected<G>&);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected& operator=(unexpected<G>&&);
 
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr T& emplace(Args&&...) noexcept;
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr T& emplace(initializer_list<U>, Args&&...) noexcept;
 
    // swap
    constexpr void swap(expected&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    friend constexpr void swap(expected&, expected&) noexcept(/* see description */);
 
    // observers
    constexpr const T* operator->() const noexcept;
    constexpr T* operator->() noexcept;
    constexpr const T& operator*() const& noexcept;
    constexpr T& operator*() & noexcept;
    constexpr const T&& operator*() const&& noexcept;
    constexpr T&& operator*() && noexcept;
    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept;
    constexpr const T& value() const&;
    constexpr T& value() &;
    constexpr const T&& value() const&&;
    constexpr T&& value() &&;
    constexpr const E& error() const&;
    constexpr E& error() &;
    constexpr const E&& error() const&&;
    constexpr E&& error() &&;
    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U&&) const&;
    template<class U> constexpr T value_or(U&&) &&;
    template<class G = E> constexpr E error_or(G&&) const &;
    template<class G = E> constexpr E error_or(G&&) &&;
 
    // monadic operations
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) const &&;
 
    // equality operators
    template<class T2, class E2> requires (!is_void_v<T2>)
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& x, const expected<T2, E2>& y);
    template<class T2>
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected&, const T2&);
    template<class E2>
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected&, const unexpected<E2>&);
 
  private:
    bool has_val;       // exposition only
    union {
      T val;            // exposition only
      E unex;           // exposition only
    };
  };
}

Partial specialization of std::expected for void types

namespace std {
  template<class T, class E> requires is_void_v<T>
  class expected<T, E> {
  public:
    using value_type = T;
    using error_type = E;
    using unexpected_type = unexpected<E>;
 
    template<class U>
    using rebind = expected<U, error_type>;
 
    // constructors
    constexpr expected() noexcept;
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */)
      expected(const expected&);
    constexpr explicit(/* see description */)
      expected(expected&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class U, class G>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) expected(const expected<U, G>&);
    template<class U, class G>
      constexpr explicit(/* see description */) expected(expected<U, G>&&);
 
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected(const unexpected<G>&);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected(unexpected<G>&&);
 
    constexpr explicit expected(in_place_t) noexcept;
    template<class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, Args&&...);
    template<class U, class... Args>
      constexpr explicit expected(unexpect_t, initializer_list<U>, Args&&...);
 
    // destructor
    constexpr ~expected();
 
    // assignment
    constexpr expected& operator=(const expected&);
    constexpr expected& operator=(expected&&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected& operator=(const unexpected<G>&);
    template<class G>
      constexpr expected& operator=(unexpected<G>&&);
    constexpr void emplace() noexcept;
 
    // swap
    constexpr void swap(expected&) noexcept(/* see description */);
    friend constexpr void swap(expected&, expected&) noexcept(/* see description */);
 
    // observers
    constexpr explicit operator bool() const noexcept;
    constexpr bool has_value() const noexcept;
    constexpr void operator*() const noexcept;
    constexpr void value() const&;
    constexpr void value() &&;
    constexpr const E& error() const&;
    constexpr E& error() &;
    constexpr const E&& error() const&&;
    constexpr E&& error() &&;
    template<class G = E> constexpr E error_or(G&&) const &;
    template<class G = E> constexpr E error_or(G&&) &&;
 
    // monadic operations
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto and_then(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform(F&& f) const &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) &&;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) const &;
    template<class F> constexpr auto transform_error(F&& f) const &&;
 
    // equality operators
    template<class T2, class E2> requires is_void_v<T2>
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected& x, const expected<T2, E2>& y);
    template<class E2>
      friend constexpr bool operator==(const expected&, const unexpected<E2>&);
 
  private:
    bool has_val;        // exposition only
    union {
      E unex;            // exposition only
    };
  };
}