std::map<Key,T,Compare,Allocator>::at

 

C++

Compiler support

Freestanding and hosted

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Standard library

Standard library headers

Named requirements

Feature test macros (C++20)

Language support library

Concepts library (C++20)

Metaprogramming library (C++11)

Diagnostics library

General utilities library

Strings library

Containers library

Iterators library

Ranges library (C++20)

Algorithms library

Numerics library

Localizations library

Input/output library

Filesystem library (C++17)

Regular expressions library (C++11)

Concurrency support library (C++11)

Execution support library (C++26)

Technical specifications

Symbols index

External libraries

 

Containers library

Sequence

array (C++11)

vector

vector<bool>

inplace_vector (C++26)

deque

forward_list (C++11)

list

Associative

set

multiset

map

multimap

Unordered associative

unordered_set (C++11)

unordered_multiset (C++11)

unordered_map (C++11)

unordered_multimap (C++11)

Adaptors

stack

queue

priority_queue

flat_set (C++23)

flat_multiset (C++23)

flat_map (C++23)

flat_multimap (C++23)

Views

span (C++20)

mdspan (C++23)

Tables

Iterator invalidation

Member function table

Non-member function table

 

std::map

Member functions

map::map map::~map               map::operator= map::get_allocator

Element access map::at map::operator[] Iterators map::beginmap::cbegin (C++11) map::endmap::cend (C++11) map::rbeginmap::crbegin (C++11)      map::rendmap::crend (C++11) Capacity map::size map::max_size map::empty Observers map::key_comp map::value_comp Modifiers map::clear map::insert map::erase map::swap map::extract (C++17) map::merge (C++17) map::insert_range (C++23) map::insert_or_assign (C++17) map::emplace (C++11) map::emplace_hint (C++11) map::try_emplace (C++17) Lookup map::count map::find map::contains (C++20) map::equal_range map::lower_bound map::upper_bound

Non-member functions

operator==operator<=> (C++20) std::swap(std::map) erase_if(std::map) (C++20)   operator!=operator<operator>operator<=operator>= (until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)(until C++20)

Deduction guides (C++17)

 

T& at( const Key& key );	(1)
const T& at( const Key& key ) const;	(2)
template< class K > T& at( const K& x );	(3)	(since C++26)
template< class K > const T& at( const K& x ) const;	(4)	(since C++26)

Returns a reference to the mapped value of the element with specified key. If no such element exists, an exception of type std::out_of_range is thrown.

1,2) The key is equivalent to key.

3,4) The key compares equivalent to the value x. The reference to the mapped value is obtained as if by expression this->find(x)->second.

The expression this->find(x) must be well-formed and have well-defined behavior, otherwise the behavior is undefined.

These overloads participate in overload resolution only if the qualified-id Compare::is_transparent is valid and denotes a type. It allows calling this function without constructing an instance of Key.

Parameters

key	-	the key of the element to find
x	-	a value of any type that can be transparently compared with a key

Return value

A reference to the mapped value of the requested element.

Exceptions

1,2) std::out_of_range if the container does not have an element with the specified key.

3,4) std::out_of_range if the container does not have the specified element, that is, if find(x) == end() is true.

Complexity

Logarithmic in the size of the container.

Notes

Feature-test macro	Value	Std	Feature
__cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_insertion	202311L	(C++26)	Heterogeneous overloads for the remaining member functions in ordered and unordered associative containers. (3,4)

Example

Run this code

#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
 
struct LightKey { int o; };
struct HeavyKey { int o[1000]; };
 
// The container must use std::less<> (or other transparent Comparator) to
// access overloads (3,4). This includes standard overloads, such as
// comparison between std::string and std::string_view.
bool operator<(const HeavyKey& x, const LightKey& y) { return x.o[0] < y.o; }
bool operator<(const LightKey& x, const HeavyKey& y) { return x.o < y.o[0]; }
bool operator<(const HeavyKey& x, const HeavyKey& y) { return x.o[0] < y.o[0]; }
 
int main()
{
    std::map<int, char> map{{1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}};
    assert(map.at(1) == 'a');
    assert(map.at(2) == 'b');
    try
    {
        map.at(13);
    }
    catch(const std::out_of_range& ex)
    {
        std::cout << "1) out_of_range::what(): " << ex.what() << '\n';
    }
 
#ifdef __cpp_lib_associative_heterogeneous_insertion
    // Transparent comparison demo.
    std::map<HeavyKey, char, std::less<>> map2{{{1}, 'a'}, {{2}, 'b'}};
    assert(map2.at(LightKey{1}) == 'a');
    assert(map2.at(LightKey{2}) == 'b');
    try
    {
        map2.at(LightKey{13});
    }
    catch(const std::out_of_range& ex)
    {
        std::cout << "2) out_of_range::what(): " << ex.what() << '\n';
    }
#endif
}

Possible output:

1) out_of_range::what(): map::at:  key not found
2) out_of_range::what(): map::at:  key not found

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR	Applied to	Behavior as published	Correct behavior
LWG 464	C++98	map did not have this member function	added
LWG 703	C++98	the complexity requirement was missing	added
LWG 2007	C++98	the return value referred to the requested element	refers to its mapped value

See also

operator[]	access or insert specified element (public member function)
find	finds element with specific key (public member function)