srand

Defined in header `<stdlib.h>`
void srand( unsigned seed );

Seeds the pseudo-random number generator used by rand() with the value seed.

If rand() is used before any calls to srand(), rand() behaves as if it was seeded with srand(1).

Each time rand() is seeded with the same seed, it must produce the same sequence of values.

srand() is not guaranteed to be thread-safe.

Parameters

seed

-

the seed value

Return value

(none)

Notes

Generally speaking, the pseudo-random number generator should only be seeded once, before any calls to rand(), and the start of the program. It should not be repeatedly seeded, or reseeded every time you wish to generate a new batch of pseudo-random numbers.

Standard practice is to use the result of a call to time(0) as the seed. However, time() returns a time_t value, and time_t is not guaranteed to be an integral type. In practice, though, every major implementation defines time_t to be an integral type, and this is also what POSIX requires.

Example

Run this code

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
 
int main(void)
{
    srand(time(NULL)); //use current time as seed for random generator
    int random_variable = rand();
    printf("Random value on [0,%d]: %d\n", RAND_MAX, random_variable);
}

Possible output:

Random value on [0 2147483647]: 1373858591

References

C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):

7.22.2.2 The srand function (p: 252-253)

C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

7.22.2.2 The srand function (p: 346-347)

C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

7.20.2.2 The srand function (p: 312-313)

C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

4.10.2.2 The srand function

Compiler support
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Headers
Type support
Program utilities
Variadic function support
Error handling
Dynamic memory management
Strings library
Algorithms
Numerics
Date and time utilities
Input/output support
Localization support
Concurrency support (C11)
Technical Specifications
Symbol index

Common mathematical functions
Floating-point environment (C99)
Pseudo-random number generation
Complex number arithmetic (C99)
Type-generic math (C99)

rand	generates a pseudo-random number (function)
RAND_MAX	maximum possible value generated by rand() (macro constant)
C++ documentation for srand